Tag Archives: hardware

6502 update

  • New amplifier part using a LM386
  • Buzzer and led on VIA 2, blinky and sound timed by the internal timers of the 6522
  • ACIA testing still going on, writing software
  • Mini matrix keyboard removed, and used the temporary cursor buttons for the test with a rom which allows for a 8bits upload method using a arduino and the 6522. (I’m working on the big keyboard)

Work in progress code

PORT2B = $5000 		; VIA PORTB
PORT2A = $5001 		; VIA PORTA
DDR2B = $5002  		; Data direction register
DDR2A = $5003  		; Data direction register

PORTB = $6000 		; display
PORTA = $6001 		; control display + matrix keyboard
DDRB = $6002  		; data direction register
DDRA = $6003  		; data direction register
SID = $7000   		; sid base address

E  = %10000000		; enable bit
RW = %01000000		; RW bit 
RS = %00100000		; Register Select bit 
HOME = %00000010 	; VIA PORTB HOME command
DADDR = %00010000 	; VIA DADDRESS

LINENO = $0200		; temp address linenumber (move to other location)
NEXTLINE = 40		; 2x16 Chars but internally 40


  .org $8000

reset:
  ldx #$ff
  txs		; reset stack

; ###################################################
; #                 DISPLAY CONTROL                 #
; ###################################################
; VIA Setup

  lda #%11111111 	; Set all pins on port B to output
  sta DDRB
  lda #%11100000 	; Set top 3 pins on port A to output
  sta DDRA

; DISPLAY Setup
  lda #%00111000 	; Set 8-bit mode; 2-line display; 5x8 font
  jsr lcd_instruction
  lda #%00001110 	; Display on; cursor on; blink off
  jsr lcd_instruction
  lda #%00000110 	; Increment and shift cursor; don't shift display
  jsr lcd_instruction
  lda #$00000001 	; Clear display
  jsr lcd_instruction

; ###################################################
; #             PRINT MESSAGE LINE NO 0             #
; ###################################################
  lda #0  		; set line number
  sta LINENO      	; store for subroutine
  jsr gotoline		; move cursor

  ldx #0		; message index pointer
print:
  lda message0,x 	; start of message
  beq nextprint      	; stop when null in message (asciiz <- Zero padded)
  jsr print_char	; print char
  inx			; incr index
  jmp print		; resume print
; ###################################################
; #             PRINT MESSAGE LINE NO 1             #
; ###################################################
nextprint:
  lda #1  		; set line number
  sta LINENO      	; store
  jsr gotoline
  ldx #0  		; index pointer                 
print2:
  lda message1,x  	; absolute address message + x in A
  beq sidsound        	; if x is 0, end of message     
  jsr print_char  	; jump subroutine
  inx             	; increment x
  jmp print2      	; loop print2



; ###################################################
; #             SID SOUND                           #
; ###################################################
sidsound:
  lda #0		
  sta SID+$5		; attack/decay duration
  	
  lda #250
  sta SID+$6		; sustain level/release duration
  	
  lda #$95		; frequency voice 1 low byte
  sta SID+$0
  	
  lda #$44		; frequency voice 1 high byte
  sta SID+$1
  
  lda #%00100001	; sawtooth + gate
  sta SID+$4		; control register voice 1
  
  lda #$0f		; filter mode and volume (bits 3-0 main volume)
  sta SID+$18		; filter mode and volume



; ###################################################
; #             2ND VIA                             #
; ###################################################
  lda #%11111111 	; set port A output
  sta DDR2A

  lda #%11111111	; all ones!
  sta PORT2A
; ###################################################
  lda #%11111111 	; set port A output
  sta DDR2A

  lda #%11111111	; all ones!
  sta PORT2A



; ###################################################
; #             MAIN PROGRAM LOOP                   #
; ###################################################
loop:
  jmp loop
;                   1234567812345678
message0: .asciiz  "VIA 1,2 SID TEST"
message1: .asciiz  "   FASH  2022   "

; ###################################################
; #             ONLY SUBROUTINES                    #
; ###################################################

; ###################################################
; #             Subroutine gotoline                 #
; # Moves character placement position on display   #
; # Needs : $LINENO ADDRESS                         #
; # Exit values : -                                 #
; # Destroys registers: -                           #
; ###################################################

gotoline:
  pha                             ; store a
  txa
  pha                             ; store x
  ldx LINENO
  lda #HOME                       ; cursor down
  jsr lcd_instruction
  lda #$80
nextline:
  ldx LINENO
  cpx #00
  beq endnextlines
loopline:
  adc #40
  jsr lcd_instruction
  dex
  stx LINENO
  jmp nextline
endnextlines:
  pla                             ; pop a
  tax                             ; a to x
  pla                             ; pop a
  rts




; ###################################################
; #             LCD SUBROUTINES                     #
; ###################################################
lcd_wait:
  pha
  lda #%00000000  ; Port B is input
  sta DDRB
lcdbusy:
  lda #RW
  sta PORTA
  lda #(RW | E)
  sta PORTA
  lda PORTB
  and #%10000000
  bne lcdbusy
  lda #RW
  sta PORTA
  lda #%11111111  ; Port B is output
  sta DDRB
  pla
  rts
lcd_instruction:
  jsr lcd_wait
  sta PORTB
  lda #0         ; Clear RS/RW/E bits
  sta PORTA
  lda #E         ; Set E bit to send instruction
  sta PORTA
  lda #0         ; Clear RS/RW/E bits
  sta PORTA
  rts
print_char:
  jsr lcd_wait
  sta PORTB
  lda #RS         ; Set RS; Clear RW/E bits
  sta PORTA
  lda #(RS | E)   ; Set E bit to send instruction
  sta PORTA
  lda #RS         ; Clear E bits
  sta PORTA
  rts

nmi:
  rti

irq:
  rti

  .org $fffa
  .word nmi
  .word reset
  .word irq
;  .word $0000

So i wasn’t being stupid designing a dual matrix keyboard thingy

As previously posted, i had an idea to create a dual matrix keyboard mashup using available components.

I mentioned that “it should theoretically work”. But only being using atf22v10c for a couple of days. It was a long shot.

I’ve put it to the test .. and it worked first time.

I can use above, to connect my extended matrix keyboard to a 6522 VIA chip using 5 pins and sending a data available signal to CA1.

This keyboard i was planning to use

Generic matrix keyboard

In this case designed for my 6502, but it is a generic setup.

I it just a dual 16key matrix decoder merged together. You can probably use this with raspberries, arduinos etc.

I wanted to use 74C923 but these are nowhere to be found. And even then, the number of keys wil be 20.
So i am tying together two 74C922 using some logic in a PLD.

First draft

It wil be something like above. Using the data availabe signal i can combine both 16key matrixes. (In theory .. it is all untested)

PLD Code

GAL22V10
Address Decoder

PHI2 DA0 DA1 D01 D02 D03 D04 D11 D12 D13 D14 GND
NC D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 DA NC NC NC NC VCC

DA = DA0 + DA1
D0 = D01 & DA0 + D11 & DA1
D1 = D02 & DA0 + D12 & DA1
D2 = D03 & DA0 + D13 & DA1
D3 = D04 & DA0 + D14 & DA1
D4 = DA1 

DESCRIPTION
Key matrix merger

I’ve got my new keys of the keyboard in today!

  • 0-F – hex keys
  • G = Go
  • R = Reset
  • S = Step
  • M = Memory
  • Cursor keys (up/down for memory locations)
  • ??? I’ve got room for 8 more keys

My inkscape template (keys are 10/10mm)

Printed on white and red paper

https://media.henriaanstoot.nl/keyboardmatrix.svg

6502 Update

New address decoder in place!
Connected RAM/ROM/SID/VIA1/VIA2 and ACIA

ROM8000-FFFF
SID7000-700F (sound)
VIA16000-60xx (Hex key matrix)
ACIA6800-68xx (serial)
VIA25000-50xx (led test at the moment)
RAM0000-3FFF

To plan: Bigger maxtrix keyboard and other displays

ACIA 6551

Got a serial connection working between the 6502 and my linux machine!

At the moment when a reset occurs , hello is being printed.
Text typed in the minicom terminal, is echo-ed back and displayed on the LCD display.

Things learned: Do not trust internet schematics blindly!

The crystal used for the ACIA (pin 6/7 1.8432Mhz needs a 1M ohm resistor parallel over the crystal, and a 30nF capacitor from pin 7 to GND

When using a terminal emulator, and using 3 wires. Disable hardware handshake.

Keyboard rewired.

What didn“t work as planned:

New amplifier schematic for the SID. There is too much noise.

Amplifier with a LM628

Bought a dual power supply (5V and 12V). But this one has a lot of signal noise on the SID part and even my battlestation speakers!

LED test 2nd via

PORTB = $5000 ; VIA PORTB
PORTA = $5001 ; VIA PORTA
DDRB = $5002  ; Data direction register
DDRA = $5003  ; Data direction register

LED  = %10000000

	.org $8000

reset:

	lda #%11100000 ; Set top 3 pins on port A to output
	sta DDRA

	lda LED 
	sta PORTA

loop:		; done loop until doomsday
	jmp loop

irq:
nmi:
	.org $fffa
	.word nmi
	.word reset
	.word irq

ACIA part

ACIA_RX = $6800
ACIA_TX = $6800
ACIA_STATUS = $6801
ACIA_COMMAND = $6802
ACIA_CONTROL = $6803

    lda #$00
    sta ACIA_STATUS
    lda #$0b
    sta ACIA_COMMAND
    lda #$1f
    sta ACIA_CONTROL

Address decoder in a ATF22V10

Whereas i needed to use several logical components to make a address decoder, below i only need one!

cat addressdecoder-fash.PLD 

ATF22V10 (GAL22V10)
Address Decoder

PHI2 A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9  A8  A7  A6 GND
xx xx RAM ROM SID ACIA VIA1 VIA2 DEV0 DEV1 BANK VCC

/RAM = PHI2 * /A15 * /A14
/ROM = A15 * BANK
/SID = /A15 * A14 * A13 * A12
/VIA1 = /A15 * A14 * A13 * /A12 * /A11
/ACIA = /A15 * A14 * A13 * /A12 * A11
/VIA2 = /A15 * A14 * /A13 * A12

/DEV0 = A15 * /BANK

DESCRIPTION
Address decoder

galasm addressdecoder-fash.PLD # Generates below file which i can flash into the PLD

cat addressdecoder-fash.jed

Used Program:   GALasm 2.1
GAL-Assembler:  GALasm 2.1
Device:         GAL22V10

*F0
*G0
*QF5892
*L0924 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L0968 11100111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L1496 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L1540 11111011011110110111111111111111111111111111
*L2156 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L2200 11111011011101111011101111111111111111111111
*L2904 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L2948 11111011011101111011011111111111111111111111
*L3652 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L3696 11111011011101110111111111111111111111111111
*L4312 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L4356 11010111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L4884 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
*L4928 01111011101111111111111111111111111111111111
*L5808 01000101010101010100
*L5828 0100000101100100011001000111001001100101011100110111001100100000
*C50fa
*
b734
Only the left chip! .. The two on the right are 7Segment decoders

So one chip replaces schematic below!

Programming ATF22V10 PLD – 7 Segment with Linux

The ATF22V10 is a Programmable Logic Device. This means you can program the logic in the chip.

Internally it looks like a big matrix of connections which you can program to connect/disconnect from certain logic.

It has just a bunch of inputs/outputs

So if we want to have a 7 Segment decoder (you can easily buy a BCD decoder .. but these only work for displaying 0-9 and not 0-9A-F for displaying HEX numbers)

7 Segment display
Binary IN7 Segment decodedDisplays
D C B AA B C D E F G
0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 00
0 0 0 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 12
0 0 1 11 1 1 1 0 0 13
0 1 0 00 1 1 0 0 1 14
0 1 0 11 0 1 1 0 1 15
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 16
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 7
1 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 1 18
1 0 0 11 1 1 1 0 1 19
1 0 1 01 1 1 0 1 1 1A
1 0 1 10 0 1 1 1 1 1B
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0C
1 1 0 10 1 1 1 1 0 1D
1 1 1 01 0 0 1 1 1 1E
1 1 1 11 0 0 0 1 1 1F

Now we see that segment A is 1 in the case of (0,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,A,C,E,F)

When programming the PLD we can write that as: (note / means inverted a plus is OR, and * is AND)
So A is 0 in case of input being (1,4,B,D)

/QA = /D1 * /C1 * /B1 * A1
    + /D1 * C1 * /B1 * /A1
    + D1 * /C1 * B1 * A1
    + D1 * C1 * /B1 * A1

Complete code for galasm

Compiling and burning

GAL22V10
7SEGMENT

Clock   D1   C1   B1   A1    D2   C2    B2    A2    NC  NC   GND
/OE   NC    NC  NC  QG    QF    QE    QD   QC    QB   QA   VCC


/QA =   /D1 * /C1 * /B1 * A1
        + /D1 * C1 * /B1 * /A1
        + D1 * /C1 * B1 * A1
        + D1 * C1 * /B1 * A1

/QB=    /D1 * C1 * /B1 * A1
        + /D1 * C1 * B1 * /A1
        + D1 * /C1 * B1 * A1
        + D1 * C1 * /B1 * /A1
        + D1 * C1 * B1 * /A1
        + D1 * C1 * B1 * A1

/QC =   /D1 * /C1 * B1 * /A1
        + D1 * C1 * /B1 * /A1
        + D1 * C1 * B1 * /A1
        + D1 * C1 * B1 * A1


/QD=      /D1 * /C1* /B1 * A1
        + /D1 * C1 * /B1 * /A1
        + /D1 * C1 * B1 * A1
        + D1 * /C1 * B1 * /A1
        + D1 * C1 * B1 * A1

/QE =     /D1 * /C1 * /B1 * A1
        + /D1 * /C1 * B1 * A1
        + /D1 * C1 * /B1 * /A1
        + /D1 * C1 * /B1 * A1
        + /D1 * C1 * B1 * A1
        + D1 * /C1 * /B1 * A1

/QF =     /D1 * /C1 * /B1 * A1
        + /D1 * /C1 * B1 * /A1
        + /D1 * /C1 * B1 * A1
        + /D1 * C1 * B1 * A1
        + D1 * C1 * /B1 * A1

/QG =     /D1 * /C1 * /B1 * /A1
        + /D1 * /C1 * /B1 * A1
        + /D1 * C1 * B1 * A1
        + D1 * C1 * /B1 * /A1

DESCRIPTION
A 7 segment hex decoder

galasm 7seghex.gal

minipro -p ATF22V10CQZ -w 7seghex.jed

minipro -p ATF22V10CQZ -w 7seghex.jed
Found TL866II+ 04.2.129 (0x281)
Warning: Firmware is newer than expected.
  Expected  04.2.128 (0x280)
  Found     04.2.129 (0x281)

VPP=12V
Warning! JED file doesn't match the selected device!

Declared fuse checksum: 0x98D5 Calculated: 0x98D5 ... OK
Declared file checksum: 0x40B3 Calculated: 0x41A8 ... Mismatch!
JED file parsed OK

Use -P to skip write protect

Erasing... 0.33Sec OK
Writing jedec file...  5.01Sec  OK
Reading device...  0.32Sec  OK
Writing lock bit... 0.35Sec OK
Verification failed at address 0x16C6: File=0x01, Device=0x00 < ------------------ Gives error, but burning seems okay

henri@zspot:~/projects/galasm$ minipro -p ATF22V10CQZ -r 7seghex.out
Found TL866II+ 04.2.129 (0x281)
Warning: Firmware is newer than expected.
  Expected  04.2.128 (0x280)
  Found     04.2.129 (0x281)
Reading device...  0.32Sec  OK

Gives all zeros as output, but device works!

Address decoding with split IO

Made a simulation of my new address decoder.
It uses a 74LS138 and a bunch of NAND gates.
You can safe using 4 NAND gates if you are not going to use split IO

Address
8000-FFFFROMROM
7000-7FFFSound chipSID
6000-6FFFDisplay + cursorVIA1
5000-5FFFKeymatrixVIA2
4800-4FFFsplit ioIO
4000-47FFsplit ioIO – ACIA
0000-3FFFUses clockRAM
Above part is a single chip 74LS138

UPDATE: Found some 74LS139, so i could have changed some things around.

Simplified schematic 74LS139

Try it over here:

https://simulator.io/board/W8sQkHl1We/1

Eurocards

UPDATE 20240927 PCBs are in

I found some stuff while sorting out some old computer stuff.
Way back, when my Amiga was my main computer, i wanted to make my own version. A modular one.

So i started to segmentize the amiga, to put it on several exchangeable cards.

Eurocards are standardized prints 150mm x 100mm, mostly with a DIN41612 connector.

DIN41612
Eurocard example

When you make modules you can change/upgrade/test, you can have a very easy interchangeable system using a backplane like this

So i started planning those modules:

  • CPU – 68000 but upgradeable to 68030 or alike
  • Memory – With expansion
  • Sound
  • Video
  • More IO possibilities
  • Keyboard (see more at the bottom of this page)

I had a nice case which could hold a big backplane, custom powersupply. And a front panel containing drives, leds and knobs. (I know i have more info on this somewhere on my fileserver)

A nice example picture i found on danceswithferrets website

I never finished this project.
I used Tech Manuals and print layouts to understand how things where done.

Part of schematic

I started to draw the modules like they where placed on the print on semi transparent (chalk)paper, the kind of paper that was used for electronic and mechanic diagrams.

UPDATE 20240927 PCBs are in

Own designed PCB

Selling a lot of my computer collection

UPDATE : Bought after selling these

The last days i’ve been selling a lot of my old computers.
They have been in my collection for many years, but now its time to part.
Time for others to enjoy them.

(Instead of posting which ones are being sold and which i’ve still got on this page i’ll make another post)

I started collecting when i studied computer sciences.
It’s a wonder my parents attic wasn’t collapsing.
(They let me store many computers on their attic, let me run a mainframe in the house (previous post) and let me have computer-parties (pre-lan) in their home. (They even left, and gave me the space) .. 15+ teens with computers … there was a pingpong table in the livingroom (besides the other tables in the house ) For all computers.

Then i’ve got even more, when living on my own. (At some point about 140. )

A few years later i got rid of uninteresting computers (to my taste at that time) and incomplete ones. Then i filtered-out the non working.

Still leaving with a lot of computers, i kept these for many years.

Now i only want the ones i’ve worked with, or are special to me.

My first computer was a Commodore Vic-20. Friends had the popular C64. So i kept 2 of both.
In Junior Technical School i’ve used the BBC Acorn a lot (Funny story below)
My then friend Richard had a Atari ST, loads of fun we had with that machine, so i’m keeping a Atari 1040STf.
Another friend used a Apple SE, so that one i also keep for now.
I’ve been programming a lot on 80×86, the first dos PC’s, i’m still looking for a old machine (Laser XT) which i used way back then. But for now i’ve got a Sinclair PC200.
I’ll keep a old Commodore PET 2001, because its cute.
Besides having a cute PET, i’ve got a Holborn System. Made in Holland (Enschede), there are only a few left according to some sites: only 200 made! (Holborn means Holland Born) One of the inventors was from Holten, my birthplace. (Polak)

Putting the system together in 2018

At school we kept a list of everyone’s collection.

Soo .. the story about the BBC Acorn.

When i was at school outside study hours, i went to the computer lab.
This was one classroom with about 16 BBC Acorns and a master (teacher station). When they saw how enthusiastic i was, i got the key to the classroom. I even got access to the master system. And after a little hacking i’ve gained access to the teachers files.
There was a simple network system, i think it was called Econet.
The teachers system was the only one with a disk station.

I liked the ‘highres’ line graphics you could make on the machines. (640×256)
So i’ve wrote a lot of programs using this mode.
I even wrote a program which drew a 3D robotarm on screen using wireframe graphics.
At that time my mathematics scores where .. bad.
Wasn’t interested i think.
But drawing 3D robotic arms are not possible using mathematics, like using sinus, triangulary etcetera.
So when my mathematics teacher saw my program, he didn’t believe me.
So .. fooling around in the computer lab, i missed start of classes. And later on .. worse .. i almost was not allowed to do my final exams.
I was late several times (and one of the first to leave, …. straight from and to the computer lab. )

I’ve got some programs printed on paper, i will use my leftover BBC Acorn (or a emulator) to capture some screen examples.

Sold stuff

UPDATE : Selling a lot, but i’ve bought some others between 2020-2023

  • SDK-85
  • Laser Xt/3
  • 80386 DX

Also a “new” 1084 monitor (CRT for a Commodore 64)
Now i have to look for a VGA Crt to get old vga-register manipulation programs working.